He aha ka DNA?

ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o DNA

ʻO DNA, ʻike ʻia hoʻi, ʻo ka deoxyribonucleic acid he mole, ʻo ia ka pūʻulu o nā mana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.I ka hihia o DNA, ua hui ʻia kēia mau ʻātoma e hana i ke ʻano o kahi alapiʻi wili lōʻihi.Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo i ke kiʻi ma aneʻi e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka DNA.

Inā ʻoe i aʻo i ka biology, lohe paha ʻoe i ka hana ʻana o DNA ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā a i ʻole mea ʻai no ka mea ola.Pehea ma ka honua e hiki ai i kahi moleke wale ke hana ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā no kahi mea paʻakikī a kupaianaha e like me ka lāʻau, ka ʻīlio a me nā kānaka?Kupanaha maoli kēlā.

ʻO DNA kekahi o nā alakaʻi aʻo hope loa.ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā puke pehea āu i hoʻohana ai.Ua kākau ʻia ka papa kuhikuhi aʻoaʻo holoʻokoʻa ma ke code.Inā ʻoe e nānā pono i ke ʻano kemika o DNA, e hōʻike ana ia i ʻehā mau poloka kūkulu nui.Kapa mākou i kēia mau kumu nitrogen: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), a me Cytosine (C).Hoʻokomo pū ka DNA i nā kō a me nā pūʻulu phosphate (i hana ʻia me ka phosphorus a me ka oxygen).Hana kēia i ka iwi kuamoʻo phosphate-deoxyribose.

Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka DNA ma ke ʻano he alapiʻi, hana ʻia nā ʻanuʻu o ke alapiʻi mai nā kumu nitrogenous.Hoʻopili kēia mau kumu i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu o ke alapiʻi.Hoʻopili wale lākou i kahi ala kikoʻī.(A) hui mau me (T) a me (G) hui mau me (C).He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i ka wā e kope ai i ka DNA a pau a i ʻole kekahi hapa.

No laila, e pane i ka nīnau, he aha ka DNA?ʻO DNA kahi hoʻolālā molekala no kahi mea ola.Hana ʻo DNA i ka RNA, a hana ʻo RNA i ka protein, a hoʻomau nā protein i ke ola.He paʻakikī kēia kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa, paʻakikī a hoʻokalakupua a hoʻokumu piha ʻia i ka kemika hiki ke aʻo ʻia a hoʻomaopopo ʻia.

Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka ʻāpana DNA?

E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai hiki ke aʻo ʻia a hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka DNA, akā pehea mākou e hana ai?Aʻo a noiʻi a ʻimi ka poʻe ʻepekema iā lākou.Hoʻohana nā kānaka i ka electrophoresis gel e hoʻokaʻawale i ka DNA no ka noiʻi hou aku.ʻO ka electrophoresis gel kahi hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana DNA (a i ʻole macromolecules ʻē aʻe, e like me RNA a me nā protein) e pili ana i ko lākou nui a me ka uku.Hoʻopili ka electrophoresis i ka holo ʻana i ke au ma o ka gel i loaʻa nā molekole hoihoi.Ma muli o ko lākou nui a me ka uku, e hele nā ​​molekala i ka gel ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​​​wikiwiki like ʻole, e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kekahi.Ke hoʻohana nei i ka electrophoresis, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka nui o nā ʻāpana DNA like ʻole i loko o kahi laʻana a me ka nui o lākou e pili ana kekahi i kekahi.

Inā makemake ʻoe e hana i ka electrophoresis gel, pono mua ʻoe i nā lako hoʻokolohua pili, ka cell electrophoresis (tank/chamber) a me kāna lako mana.Hōʻike ke kiʻi ma lalo nei i ke kelepona electrophoresis ākea (tank/chamber) ke kumu hoʻohālikeDYCP-31DNa me ka lako mana o ke kŘkohuDYY-6Dmai Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd no ka DNA gel electrophoresis.

ʻO ka electrophoresis gel e pili ana i ka gel, kahi ʻano mea like me Jello.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā gels no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o DNA i ka agarose, e hele mai ana e like me ka maloʻo a me ka pauka.Ke hoʻomehana ʻia ka agarose i loko o kahi paʻa (ka wai me kekahi mau paʻakai i loko) a ʻae ʻia e maʻalili, e hana ia i kahi gel paʻa, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.Ma ka pae molekala, ʻo ka gel he matrix o nā molekole agarose i paʻa pū ʻia e nā paʻa hydrogen a hana i nā pores liʻiliʻi.

Kiʻi mai Khan Academy

Ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka gel, e hoʻokomo i ka gel i loko o ke kino pahu o ka electrophoresis cell, a ninini i ka hopena buffer i loko o ka pahu hoʻopaʻa a hiki i ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka gel.A laila, hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana DNA i loko o nā luawai (indentations) ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka gel, a hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻauwaʻa uila e huki iā lākou i loko o ka gel.Hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana DNA, no laila neʻe lākou i ka electrode maikaʻi.Ma muli o ka like o ka nui o ka uku o nā ʻāpana DNA a pau i ka nui, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i ka gel ma mua o nā mea nui.Ma hope o ka holo ʻana i ka electrophoresis gel, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana DNA;a hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke nānā i ka gel a ʻike i ka nui o nā kaula i loaʻa ma luna.Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka gel me kahi mea paʻa paʻa DNA a waiho ʻia ma lalo o ke kukui UV, e ʻā ana nā ʻāpana DNA, e ʻae iā mākou e ʻike i ka DNA ma nā wahi like ʻole ma ka lōʻihi o ka gel.

Ma waho aʻe o nā pūnaewele electrophoresis (nā pahu/keʻena) a me nā lako mana, ua hāʻawi pū ʻo Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd i ka UV transilluminator, hiki ke nānā a paʻi i nā kiʻi no ka protein a me ka gel electrophoresis DNA.ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikeWD-9403Bhe transilluminator UV portable no ka nānā ʻana i ka gel electrophoresis DNA.ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikeWD-9403Fhiki ke nānā, kiʻi i nā kiʻi no ka protein a me ka gel DNA.